Knob and tube wiring was the standard electrical installation method in homes built before the late 1940s. It uses ceramic knobs to hold wires along framing members and ceramic tubes where wires pass through joists. The insulation is cotton or rubber cloth — not the modern PVC insulation on current wiring.
Two key problems with knob and tube wiring in 2025:
- ›No ground wire — knob and tube is a two-wire system with no equipment ground. Modern electronics and appliances expect a three-wire grounded circuit for protection and safe operation.
- ›Cloth insulation degrades — after 70 or more years, the cloth insulation dries out, cracks, and in some areas falls away entirely, leaving bare conductor exposed inside the wall.
Knob and tube wiring that has been covered by attic insulation is a specific hazard. Original knob and tube was designed to dissipate heat through open air. Covering it with blown insulation traps that heat and creates a fire risk that the wiring was never designed to handle.